April 2013 Vol. 1 Issue 2 

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Full Length Research Paper

Toxicological Influence of ethanol and biochemical changes in rats exposed to cadmium

Samar A. AL-Gehani^1,2

¹Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box: 80203 Jeddah, 21589, KSA.
²Department of Biology, Taif University, Taif, P. O. Box 21944, Taif, KSA.

E-mail: saj_vip.99@hotmail.com

Accepted March 26, 2013

Abstract

The present study was performed to assess the function of the liver and kidney in rats exposed to 50 mg Cd/l (as cadmium chloride) and/or 10% (w/v) ethanol (EtOH) for 12 weeks. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and asparate aminotransferase (AspAT) in serum were measured as indicators of the liver function. As parameters of the kidney function, creatinine, total protein and urea concentrations in serum and urine, as well as urinary alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were determined, and creatinine clearance was calculated. Daily Cd intake ranged from 3.17 to 4.28 mg/kg body weight and from 2.41 to 3.17 mg/kg body weight in the Cd and Cd + EtOH groups, respectively. The daily intake of 10% EtOH ranged from 47.5 to 86.9 g/kg body weight in the EtOH and from 47.3 to 63.4 g/kg body weight in the Cd + EtOH-exposed rats. Cd and EtOH, independently of separate or combined application, changed liver and kidney function. Rats treated with Cd alone and those co-exposed to both substances showed qualitatively similar. Some functional (increased serum AspAT and urinary ALP, decreased urinary urea) and functional changes in the liver and kidney were more evident in the case of combined exposure, while others were more evident after single exposure. However, a decrease in creatinine clearance, noted only in the animals treated with Cd and EtOH, shows that functional changes indicating renal insufficiency are more serious in the co-exposed group. Due to lower Cd and EtOH intake (resulting from a stronger aversion to drinking water containing both substances) in the co-exposed rats, as compared to the Cd- and EtOH-treated groups, it is difficult to draw a definite conclusion from this study. The findings, however, seem to indicate that EtOH increases Cd nephrotoxicity in rats, and thus may suggest a higher risk of kidney damage in alcoholics exposed to Cd. Unfortunately, this study does not provide clear evidence if, and to what extent, EtOH influences Cd hepatotoxicity.

Keywords: hepatotoxicity- nephrotoxicity- cadmium- ethanol- rats